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Genetic Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Gene, pfcrt in Massakory (Chad)

Received: 8 December 2021     Accepted: 22 December 2021     Published: 15 January 2022
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Abstract

Background and Objective: In 2005, Chad, like several other WHO countries, withdrew chloroquine as a first-line treatment for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in response to WHO recommendations related to the reason for the increase in treatment failures and the global spread of chloroquine resistance. Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACTs), Artemether-lumefantrine, has replaced chloroquine as the first-choice treatment for malaria. The present study assessed pfcrt polymorphism in Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Massakory. Methodology and Results: Blood samples for PCR analysis were collected on Whatman 3MM filter paper in Massakory during a therapeutic efficacy study (TES) conducted from December 14, 2019 to March 14, 2020. Genomic DNA was extracted from 113 dried blood spots with the QIAamp DNA Micro Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) as per manufacturer’s protocol and amplified by nested-PCR with pfcrt specific primer. The amplification products were revealed by electrophoresis on 2% agarose gel and then sequenced according to Sanger method. A total of 71 sequences were readable. The pfcrt analysis showed that of the 71 readable sequences, high mutation prevalence: 66 (92.96%) IET, 2 (4.22%) IDT and 3 (4.22%) MNK wild pfcrt isolates. Conclusion: These results challenge the highest health authorities in the country. The government, through the Ministry of Public Health and National Solidarity and the National Malaria Control Program, must raise awareness for the effective withdrawal of chloroquine. This action will promote on the one hand the re-emergence of parasites sensitive to chloroquine, and on the other hand make possible the reintroduction of chloroquine in the treatment of simple malaria after the suppression of drug pressure.

Published in American Journal of BioScience (Volume 10, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajbio.20221001.14
Page(s) 24-30
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Malaria, pfcrt, Chloroquine, Plasmodium falciparum, Massakory, Chad

References
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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Mahamat Moussa Hassane Taïsso, Ako Aristide Berenger, Issa Mahamat Souleymane, Koui Stéphane Tossea, Kouman Kouamé Bouatini Angelo, et al. (2022). Genetic Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Gene, pfcrt in Massakory (Chad). American Journal of BioScience, 10(1), 24-30. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20221001.14

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    ACS Style

    Mahamat Moussa Hassane Taïsso; Ako Aristide Berenger; Issa Mahamat Souleymane; Koui Stéphane Tossea; Kouman Kouamé Bouatini Angelo, et al. Genetic Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Gene, pfcrt in Massakory (Chad). Am. J. BioScience 2022, 10(1), 24-30. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbio.20221001.14

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    AMA Style

    Mahamat Moussa Hassane Taïsso, Ako Aristide Berenger, Issa Mahamat Souleymane, Koui Stéphane Tossea, Kouman Kouamé Bouatini Angelo, et al. Genetic Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Gene, pfcrt in Massakory (Chad). Am J BioScience. 2022;10(1):24-30. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbio.20221001.14

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajbio.20221001.14,
      author = {Mahamat Moussa Hassane Taïsso and Ako Aristide Berenger and Issa Mahamat Souleymane and Koui Stéphane Tossea and Kouman Kouamé Bouatini Angelo and Hamit Mahamat Alio and Mahamat Saleh Issakha Diar and Djiddi Ali Sougoudi and Djimadoum Mbanga and Pascal Ringwald and Djimrassengarh Honoré and Issa Ali Haggar and Hassoumi Manah and Hassan Ahmat Mihedi and N’garadoum Olivier and Brahim Boy Otchom and David Koffi and Dosso Mireille and Djaman Allico Joseph and Offianan André Touré},
      title = {Genetic Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Gene, pfcrt in Massakory (Chad)},
      journal = {American Journal of BioScience},
      volume = {10},
      number = {1},
      pages = {24-30},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajbio.20221001.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20221001.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajbio.20221001.14},
      abstract = {Background and Objective: In 2005, Chad, like several other WHO countries, withdrew chloroquine as a first-line treatment for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in response to WHO recommendations related to the reason for the increase in treatment failures and the global spread of chloroquine resistance. Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACTs), Artemether-lumefantrine, has replaced chloroquine as the first-choice treatment for malaria. The present study assessed pfcrt polymorphism in Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Massakory. Methodology and Results: Blood samples for PCR analysis were collected on Whatman 3MM filter paper in Massakory during a therapeutic efficacy study (TES) conducted from December 14, 2019 to March 14, 2020. Genomic DNA was extracted from 113 dried blood spots with the QIAamp DNA Micro Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) as per manufacturer’s protocol and amplified by nested-PCR with pfcrt specific primer. The amplification products were revealed by electrophoresis on 2% agarose gel and then sequenced according to Sanger method. A total of 71 sequences were readable. The pfcrt analysis showed that of the 71 readable sequences, high mutation prevalence: 66 (92.96%) IET, 2 (4.22%) IDT and 3 (4.22%) MNK wild pfcrt isolates. Conclusion: These results challenge the highest health authorities in the country. The government, through the Ministry of Public Health and National Solidarity and the National Malaria Control Program, must raise awareness for the effective withdrawal of chloroquine. This action will promote on the one hand the re-emergence of parasites sensitive to chloroquine, and on the other hand make possible the reintroduction of chloroquine in the treatment of simple malaria after the suppression of drug pressure.},
     year = {2022}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Genetic Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Gene, pfcrt in Massakory (Chad)
    AU  - Mahamat Moussa Hassane Taïsso
    AU  - Ako Aristide Berenger
    AU  - Issa Mahamat Souleymane
    AU  - Koui Stéphane Tossea
    AU  - Kouman Kouamé Bouatini Angelo
    AU  - Hamit Mahamat Alio
    AU  - Mahamat Saleh Issakha Diar
    AU  - Djiddi Ali Sougoudi
    AU  - Djimadoum Mbanga
    AU  - Pascal Ringwald
    AU  - Djimrassengarh Honoré
    AU  - Issa Ali Haggar
    AU  - Hassoumi Manah
    AU  - Hassan Ahmat Mihedi
    AU  - N’garadoum Olivier
    AU  - Brahim Boy Otchom
    AU  - David Koffi
    AU  - Dosso Mireille
    AU  - Djaman Allico Joseph
    AU  - Offianan André Touré
    Y1  - 2022/01/15
    PY  - 2022
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20221001.14
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajbio.20221001.14
    T2  - American Journal of BioScience
    JF  - American Journal of BioScience
    JO  - American Journal of BioScience
    SP  - 24
    EP  - 30
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-0167
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20221001.14
    AB  - Background and Objective: In 2005, Chad, like several other WHO countries, withdrew chloroquine as a first-line treatment for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in response to WHO recommendations related to the reason for the increase in treatment failures and the global spread of chloroquine resistance. Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACTs), Artemether-lumefantrine, has replaced chloroquine as the first-choice treatment for malaria. The present study assessed pfcrt polymorphism in Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Massakory. Methodology and Results: Blood samples for PCR analysis were collected on Whatman 3MM filter paper in Massakory during a therapeutic efficacy study (TES) conducted from December 14, 2019 to March 14, 2020. Genomic DNA was extracted from 113 dried blood spots with the QIAamp DNA Micro Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) as per manufacturer’s protocol and amplified by nested-PCR with pfcrt specific primer. The amplification products were revealed by electrophoresis on 2% agarose gel and then sequenced according to Sanger method. A total of 71 sequences were readable. The pfcrt analysis showed that of the 71 readable sequences, high mutation prevalence: 66 (92.96%) IET, 2 (4.22%) IDT and 3 (4.22%) MNK wild pfcrt isolates. Conclusion: These results challenge the highest health authorities in the country. The government, through the Ministry of Public Health and National Solidarity and the National Malaria Control Program, must raise awareness for the effective withdrawal of chloroquine. This action will promote on the one hand the re-emergence of parasites sensitive to chloroquine, and on the other hand make possible the reintroduction of chloroquine in the treatment of simple malaria after the suppression of drug pressure.
    VL  - 10
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Parasitology Mycology, Institute Pasteur, Abidjan, C?te d’Ivoire

  • Chad National Malaria Control Program, N’Djamena, Chad

  • Department of Parasitology Mycology, Institute Pasteur, Abidjan, C?te d’Ivoire

  • Department of Parasitology Mycology, Institute Pasteur, Abidjan, C?te d’Ivoire

  • Faculty of Science and Human Health, University of N’Djamena, N’Djamena, Chad

  • Chad National Malaria Control Program, N’Djamena, Chad

  • Ministry of Health, Public and Human Solidarity, N’Djamena, Chad

  • Faculty of Science and Human Health, University of N’Djamena, N’Djamena, Chad

  • World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

  • World Health Organization, N’Djamena, Chad

  • Ministry of Health, Public and Human Solidarity, N’Djamena, Chad

  • Ministry of Health, Public and Human Solidarity, N’Djamena, Chad

  • Chad National Malaria Control Program, N’Djamena, Chad

  • Chad National Malaria Control Program, N’Djamena, Chad

  • Faculty of Science and Human Health, University of N’Djamena, N’Djamena, Chad

  • Department of Parasitology Mycology, Institute Pasteur, Abidjan, C?te d’Ivoire

  • Department of Parasitology Mycology, Institute Pasteur, Abidjan, C?te d’Ivoire

  • Clinical and Fundamental Biochemistry Department Institute, Pasteur, Cote d’Ivoire

  • Department of Parasitology Mycology, Institute Pasteur, Abidjan, C?te d’Ivoire

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